Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Equal Rights Not Special Rights for Gays :: Persuasive Essay, Argumentative

Gays Seeking Equal Rights Not Special Rights On October 6, 1998 two men took Matthew Shepard, a jovial college student, about a international mile outside of Laramie Wyoming. These men took him out to a split-rail fence, tortured him, then tied him put onto the fence, and left him for death. He was found late the next day by two bikers, 18 hours after the attack. When the bikers first saw Matthew tied to the fence, they thought that Matthew was a scarecrow, but realized that it was a person. Matthew remained in a stupor until October 12, then died at 1253 a.m. Matthew always was a peacemaker he wanted gays to be treated like everyone else not as a minority. Matthew once said, If I could get two people--one straight, one gay--who hate each other to be respectful of each other, I would have done something secure (Miller). He wanted homosexuals and heterosexuals to see eye to eye, which almost seems impossible. Homosexuality has been common in many cultures throughout history, but n ot always agnisen. When it came about in society many religions thought it as sinful. As a result, being gay or lesbian was a crime, punishable by death. In the ordinal century homosexuality took a turn around. As a result gay bashing became common in America. In November 13, 1986 on The Oprah Winfrey Show, a boy admitted that he and his friends hunted gay men down and beat them with baseball bats (Opposing View Points, Homosexuals are an...). It seems that this issue of discrimination of gays is too extreme. Society needs to know that homosexuals are fighting for civil rights, not special rights. They want to be treated equal in the workplace, in housing and in public accommodations. In November of 1992 Colorado tried to pass an amendment against homosexuals gaining special rights. The purpose of the amendment was to deny homosexuals special rights, through any of Colorados state branches or departments or any of its agencies. When this amendment was passed civil liberties groups and gay rights groups around the nation called for a boycott of Colorado. Consequently, the state lost about $40 million in convention and tourist business. In 1994 the Colorado dictatorial Court declared that the states anti-gay rights measure, Amendment 2, was unconstitutional. Justice Anthony Kennedy states, We must conclude that Amendment 2 classifies homosexuals not to further a proper legislative end but to make them nonequivalent to everyone else.

The Character of Yolanda Garcia in How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Acce

The Character of Yolanda Garcia in How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents and Yo Julia Alvarez develops the character of Yolanda Garcia in close to different and similar ways in her two books How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents and its sequel Yo. The reasons for the differences in the two characterizations of Yolanda is that there is almost no continuity concerning her character in the two books-meaning that all the specific details of Yolandas life given to the reader in the prototypal book are different (not continued nor elaborated upon) in the sequel. It was almost like reading about two different characters that just happened to confirm the same family and happen to have immigrated to the United States from the Dominican Republic. For example, in the first book Yolanda goes to graduate school, becomes a teacher, and only shows interest in writing poetry. She also marries a man named John after having fallen in delight with a young man named Rudy in college. In the se cond book Yolanda does not go to graduate school, in fact, she almost does not get her bachelors horizontal surface because she elopes with a young man named Darryl Dubois. She does become a teacher, but she publishes mainly prose-short stories and novels-not poetry. Whereas, the similarity in the two different characterizations of Yolanda is that she is definitely assimilated to American culture, yet her honest-to-god World values and lifestyle also influence her. In both books it is clear that Yolanda has successfully assimilated to American culture. Unlike her parents-first generation immigrants-who never gain a complete mastery of the English language, Yolanda masters the language and excels in school. In the second book, one of her college professors has the f... ...Old World roots and that its traditional values still have a significant impact on her. Yolanda must continually reconnect with her Old World roots to fulfill her destiny of passing on her familys heritage/ them e to future generations. Works Cited Primary Sources Alvarez, Julia. How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents. New York Plume, 1991. - - - . Yo. New York Plume, 1997. Secondary Sources Alvarez, Julia. Something to Declare Essays. New York Plume, 1998. Barak, Julie. Turning and Turning in the Widening Gyre A Second sexual climax into Language in Julia Alvarezs How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents, MELUS Spring (1998), http//www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2278/1_23/53501904/print.jhtml. Accessed 04/07/2001. The Author Project. Julia Alvarez. http//ahs.aps.edu/authorproject/juliaalvarez.html. Accessed 04/07/2001.

Andrew Wythe :: essays research papers

Andrew WytheAndrew Wythe was an amazing artist full of imagination, feelings, and compassion for his work. He has a great portfolio of work consisting of his two major styles of work, realistic and abstract. A lot of his individualized sustenance goes into each painting he creates. Each piece can usually be linked back to the life he lived and fond memories he wished to preserve.Andrew was born in Maine and has quite a history to be told from living there. He has been painting for fifty years and has changed his style some during those years. He utilise to paint realistically for quite some time nevertheless then made the change to painting abstract. As a child, Andrew has very fond memories of his nonplus and the fun times the family had together. He can recall a time when his forefather dressed as St. Nick and frightened him so much that he wet the bed. Just before Christmas, the whole family recalls hearing footsteps on the roof. Their father dropped a painting of St. Nick down the chimney for them. His father did illustrations, so Andrew had cud of backing for his creative talents. Andrew can remember being very interested in the art of war ever since his early childhood years. He remembers playing with his tiny soldiers and creating stories for them. Andrew?fs father believed that a painter should be left alone from the ages of 6-18. Andrew had tutors for his schooling whereas his brothers and sisters went off to school. This gave him free time to roam the countryside. Andrew did not attend college but instead studied under Howard Pyle at his school with 12 other students.Andrew?fs father died near his house in Maine because of a train accident. Andrew really viewed his father as a hero and looked up to him. He will always remember his father and because of this a heavy influence is always with Andrew when painting. His father?fs life truly inspired Andrew and because of this, Andrew?fs paintings are all very personable and all have a story to tel l. The paintings mostly render his life in Maine and represent the climate and area well. Most of the paintings are of houses, naturalistic surroundings, and his neighbors and friends. He would paint various rooms in his house to portraits of his friends. All were done with such reason and character.

Willing and Knowing :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Willing and KnowingABSTRACT This paper discusses W. K. Cliffords classic paper, The Ethics of Belief, and the significance of his use of the reflexion knowingly and volitionally in the context of lessonly irresponsible ignorance. It is argued that this locution can point to a very subtle and important distinction in the premisses of ethically responsible belief formation. An analysis of willful ignorance is then given. It is argued that, strictly speaking, there is no such thing as willful ignorance what is called willful ignorance in ordinary language is just the phenomena of getting oneself knowingly to believe something by willingly and knowingly altering the usher for ones belief, rather than the genuine phenomenon of getting oneself willingly to believe something against the evidence. The former phenomenon is not, however, morally approvable. Therefore, willfulness of belief is not a necessary condition of morally irresponsible ignorance. 1. There is a very famous passage i n W. K. Cliffords classic paper The Ethics of Belief in which Clifford describes a shipowner who deceives himself to believe that his ship is seaworthy by knowingly and willingly ignoring the evidence to the contrary, ie. by knowingly and willingly ever-changing the evidential situation that determines the content of his belief. According to Clifford, the shipowners mental behaviour is unethical. He has no right to believe that the ship is seaworthy on such evidence as is before him. He is knowingly and willingly ignorant of the real condition of the ship and, as a consequence, carries moral responsibility for the consequences of his evil bow of mind, consequences highlighted by the deaths of passengers and crew when the ship goes down.The question of why Clifford uses the words knowingly and willingly when he describes the way in which the shipowner makes himself ignorant of the real condition of the ship is significant not only to Cliffords own theory but to the ethics of belief in general. One commentator (see Haack, forthcoming) has recently argued that Clifford really means willful ignorance and just lacks in polish when he says knowingly and willingly. The motive behind this interpretation is the view that only a person who is willfully ignorant of the evidence against her belief can carry moral responsibility for the consequences of the belief. In particular, involuntary ignorance, according to this view, has no such effect. I question this interpretation. In particular, I question the idea that the description of the shipowners ignorance as knowingly and willingly undertaken is in some way less subtle than its description as willfully undertaken.

Mohandas Ghandi Essay -- Biography Biographies

Mohandas GhandiSatyagraha. Meaning force or firmness of truth, Mohandas Gandhi worked and lived by this word. By peaceful, non-violent demonstrations he little by little took hold of the mess of Indias love and honor and freed them from British rule. This is his story On October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India, a region of Queen Victoria, Mohandas Gandhi was born to Kaba Gandhi and his wife. Although his father, Kaba, was the chief take care for the Maharaja of Porbandar, he and his family lived in a small house and belonged to a Hindu caste of merchants called banjas. As he grew, Mohandas became a small, shy and skinny boy, aghast(predicate) of others opinions. He never spoke out, just although he was never a clever child, others were surprised by his gentleness. At the age of thirteen, he was married to Kastaurbai, a pretty yet strongwilled girl of the same caste. He would now live with his wife, instead of his mother and father whom he had cared for for so long. Before this, Mohan das had told lies, had smoked, and had eaten meat, which was strictly disallow of Hindus. Now, suddenly, he felt guilty and that he had hurt himself and in some ways those who he cared for. So, in desperation, he told his father, and they cried together. One year later Kaba Gandhi died. Mohandas was sixteen. At eighteen he traveled to England to study law and secretly to see for himself what made the English so powerful. He enrolled in a college of law but quit after single term. He felt that he didnt fit in, so he studied the Standard Elocutionist for use and knowledge of proper ettiquitte. after(prenominal) a while he quit this also because he saw no use anymore. Quitting became a popular theme in his early life. sometimes he quit because he was bored with something and just grew out of it, or sometimes when he just couldnt accomplish anything. For example, he took English dancing and fiddle lessons to become more distinguished, but he was very clumsy and quit after six lesson s. He did not quit every thing though. He worked at some things if he thought that it would in some way help him. He studied material on Common & Ro troops laws and had to bleed major exams on it. Despite all of the quiting and studying, he became a lawyer. He was not a very distinguished or even good one at first, but later became respected by his friends and clients after his work on a case in South A... ...he was killed though, all of that changed. Everyone was sad, and the Hindu people were ashamed that it was one of them who had killed him. People began to worship Gandhi in the ways that he had hated. They knew that if he would have been able to speak a few words earlier he died he would have said to the people to have mercy on the misguided Godse, but knowing this, they still hanged his assassin. Gandhi once said I have no strength, save what God gives me. I have no authority over my country men, save the purely moral. And he more than anyone knew how anemic that authority could be. Over time, Mohandas freed India from the British rule, earning rights and respect for his people and a lasting place in history. In my opinion, like everyone elses. he was a great man putting others ahead of himself, but above all else wanting, hoping, and dying for peace. BIBLIOGRAPHY Franda, Marcus and Vonetta J. Gandhi, Mahatama. The New Electronic Encyclopedia. 1991, Grolier Electronic Publishing. Iyer, Raghavan. Gandhi, Mohandas. The World Book Encyclopedia. 1989 ed. Reynolds, Reginald. The True Story of Gandhi, Man of Peace. dough Childrens press, 1964.

Mohandas Ghandi Essay -- Biography Biographies

Mohandas GhandiSatyagraha. Meaning force or firmness of truth, Mohandas Gandhi worked and lived by this word. By peaceful, non-violent demonstrations he little by little took hold of the deal of Indias love and honor and freed them from British rule. This is his story On October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India, a region of Queen Victoria, Mohandas Gandhi was born to Kaba Gandhi and his wife. Although his father, Kaba, was the chief Minister for the Maharaja of Porbandar, he and his family lived in a small house and belonged to a Hindu caste of merchants called banjas. As he grew, Mohandas became a small, shy and skinny boy, afraid of others opinions. He never verbalise out, tho although he was never a clever child, others were surprised by his gentleness. At the age of thirteen, he was married to Kastaurbai, a pretty yet strongwilled miss of the same caste. He would now live with his wife, instead of his mother and father whom he had cared for for so long. Before this, Mohandas had t old lies, had smoked, and had eaten meat, which was strictly forbidden of Hindus. Now, suddenly, he felt unrighteous and that he had hurt himself and in some ways those who he cared for. So, in desperation, he told his father, and they cried together. One year later on Kaba Gandhi died. Mohandas was sixteen. At eighteen he travelled to England to study law and secretly to see for himself what made the English so powerful. He enrolled in a college of law besides quit after mavin term. He felt that he didnt fit in, so he studied the Standard Elocutionist for use and knowledge of proper ettiquitte. After a while he quit this also because he saw no use anymore. Quitting became a popular theme in his early life. Sometimes he quit because he was bored with something and just grew out of it, or sometimes when he just couldnt accomplish anything. For example, he took English dancing and violin lessons to become more distinguished, but he was very clumsy and quit after six lessons. He d id not quit every thing though. He worked at some things if he thought that it would in some way help him. He studied material on Common & Roman laws and had to pass major exams on it. in spite of all of the quiting and studying, he became a lawyer. He was not a very distinguished or even good one at first, but later became respected by his friends and clients after his work on a case in South A... ...he was killed though, all of that changed. Everyone was sad, and the Hindu people were ashamed that it was one of them who had killed him. mint began to worship Gandhi in the ways that he had hated. They knew that if he would stomach been able to speak a few words before he died he would have said to the people to have mercy on the misguided Godse, but knowing this, they still hanged his assassin. Gandhi once said I have no strength, moreover what God gives me. I have no authority over my country men, save the purely moral. And he more than anyone knew how weak that authority coul d be. Over time, Mohandas freed India from the British rule, earning rights and respect for his people and a lasting place in history. In my opinion, like everyone elses. he was a great man putting others ahead of himself, but above all else wanting, hoping, and dying for peace. BIBLIOGRAPHY Franda, Marcus and Vonetta J. Gandhi, Mahatama. The New Electronic Encyclopedia. 1991, Grolier Electronic Publishing. Iyer, Raghavan. Gandhi, Mohandas. The World Book Encyclopedia. 1989 ed. Reynolds, Reginald. The True Story of Gandhi, Man of Peace. Chicago Childrens press, 1964.

Lisa Sherman Case Analysis

Lisa Sherman figureed for Verizon for umteen years. While there she never revea guide her sexual orientation . Then one fated day, there was a diversification shop class with her fellow managers. The outcome of this was that her coworkers were bigoted towards homosexuality. Lisa Sherman had a tough decision to retain, whether to stay or to leave. The following analysis shows a suggested solution. Lisa Sherman Case Analysis Lisa Sherman spent legion(predicate) years not being true to who she was. She never told her coworkers that she was gay during her 15 years at Verizon Communications.Then, the order decided they wanted to hold diversity training. This is what led Lisa Sherman to the tough decision of whether to stay working at Verizon or put in her notice. The diversity training displayed general orderments about different types of people, with statements such(prenominal) as gay people are written on poster boards. The corporate leaders then formed groups and wrote on the po ster boards what their first concept of a particular group of people was. Their statements of groups such as Blacks and Jews involved only positive messages.However when they got to the board regarding homosexual people, it was nothing at all positive, with comments such as immoral, pathetic, perverse, and spreading disease. (Audenaert and George, 2008). How could Lisa now open up and put these people that she herself was Gay, when they thought such horrid things? Not only were negative derogatory statements pestiferous for Lisa Sherman they were also bad for the association. The chief executive officer Ray smith wanted to enact a policy of diversification, to take Verizon into a more flexible and creative company.He planned to establish policies that barred not hiring someone because of their ethnic background, religion, race, sex, and sexual orientation. However if his highest level managers felt this way about Gay people what did the stand-in of the company feel? Lisa Sher man was with Verizon for 15 years, working her way up the chain. She had always hid her sexuality and the existence of her partner Sophie, using pronouns such as him and we for her and she (Alboher, 2008).She felt that if she were to tell anyone it would affect her career, which allegedly proved to be a correct assumption, from the comments that her co-workers made. One of the most homophobic individuals turned out to be one of Lisas mentors. In essence, the people Lisa had been closest to turned out to be bigoted individuals. When deciding what to do, Lisa needs to be sure it is in the best interest of her needs. Since she has been with the same company for 15 years, and quickly worked her way up, she probably has a myriad of opportunities waiting for her.She can inform the CEO Ray Smith of her sexual orientation, as he wants the company to become more forward-moving and would (allegedly) not be bothered by her sexuality. However, the rest of her coworkers still feel that Gay peop le are immoral, terrible people. Even if the CEO did not mind her sexuality, her coworkers would still see her in a different light. I feel the best decision that Lisa can make is to look for different work, with a more open, progressive company, then resign from Verizon. This decision would allow her time to get her finances in order.However, if she had a greathearted savings, then the best decision would be to resign immediately, because being around such bigoted individuals would cause her undue stress, and her performance may be affected. If Lisa Sherman chooses to resign, since the CEO Ray Smith is so open to becoming a more diversified workforce, perhaps he can use her and her experience, when she informs him of her sexuality, as a consultant for future policies. Lisa could be a great asset to the company, as she has experienced the bigotry and discrimination about her sexuality her whole adult life, since she first came out.She understands what it substance to not admit t o others your true self, for fear of losing a job, or not gaining a job. Policies can be changed but unfortunately it takes much more work to change peoples opinions. People are afraid of the unknown, they fear change (Pratt, 2005). To help change peoples opinions training would need to be done, to show that Gay individuals are no different than anyone else. They do not choose their sexuality anymore than someone chooses their skin color. Someone should not be judged by something that they cannot choose.If Lisa Sherman chooses to resign, Verizon Communications and the CEO need to reeducate their employees on what a diversified workplace should be like. There are currently no federal laws that blackball workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation (Smith, 2010). However many states and companies have laws and regulations that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. The company should respond by offering condolences to Lisa Sherman, then start by making policies t o make all workers homey.Lisa Sherman was a good employee and a hard worker for many years, yet she had to hide who she really was. No employee should have to hide their family life it affects their stress levels and their mood. Lisa stated that while others had pictures of their wives and kids on their desks, she had a picture of her dog. Lisa should have been comfortable with having her partners photo on her desk, as she was her family. Unfortunately, as the office was not a comfortable place for a lesbian woman to state that she was a lesbian, she was unable to.Whatever the actual outcome was in this case, Lisa Sherman should leave the company for her own peace of mind, and sense of self worth. Verizon Communications and Ray Smith need to take the company to a modern, progressive state, by hiring openly gay people, and enacting policies to prevent discrimination in hiring, and the harassment of workers. Such a progressive policy is not only good for the workforce but for the com pany. As a company that is so open to diversification, they are bound to increase their client base.Works Citedhttp//www.life-with-confidence.com/life-change.htmlhttp//www.hrhero.com/topics/sexual_orientation_discrimination.html

Nursing in Alabama

The focal point of this paper is to look into the aspects of nurse profession in atomic number 13. Nursing profession in atomic number 13 could be regarded as a profession that is on a high note lately. In 2000 it was reported that there are about 41,500 nurses in Alabama who are legally licensed as RN or registered nurses. It is also reported that at current date there are about 85% of these nurses who are actively on the go with their profession and are employed with different agencies and institutions.This number is about 34,000 as on 2000. One interesting placard about the profession of nursing in Alabama is that the population per 100000 consist 765 registered nurses. This is lower than the theme regularize as it is 780 per 100000 people. (Sen, 2001)In the corresponding year, 2000, the state of Alabama ranked quite well at 10 under the parameter of employment of vocational or licensed practical nurses among different states. However, it should also be looked after that ou t of a population per 100000 individuals the total number of licensed practical nurses was 330.This was much higher(prenominal) than the national rate of licensed practical nurse at it stands at 240 per 100000 individuals. But when it comes to total number of licensed practical nurses Alabama scores fairish at 19th with the sum total being 15000 workers. However, it should be mentioned that the number of nurse practitioners in 2000 in the state of Alabama was 1400 which is almost at par with the national index of nurse practitioners. . (Sen, 2001)Though it is true that Nursing salaries, like physician salaries, vary by experience, location and specialization it should be noted that on an average a nurse can earn $10-$20 per hour in Alabama, with an additional housing subsidy and this pay can get even higher in areas of high living like Chicago San Francisco or New York. It has been estimated that this amount can rise for traveling nurses to $24-$35 per hour and is almost doubly th e amount of the average stationary nurse.For records, California collide withers the most number of jobs for traveling nurses. However, it should also be mentioned that the profession of traveling nurse is short termed and a social function time job. Usually sums up to 3-4 months in a year or for 45 days on an average out of a year of 365 days. (Mukherjee, 2004) reproduction is a vital aspect in the field of nursing. MSN or Master of Science in Nursing Program follows a well formulated end point Objectives that is very relevant in both medical and administrative level. In general sense the MSN Terminal Objectives includes a general Administration-MSN Track followed by an command or MSN Track. The next MSN Terminal Objectives that follow after these are The RN-MSN Degree and The Coordinated MSN or MBA Option followed by a Nursing Education surety Program.Next there is the UT Southwester Womens Health Care Nurse Practitioner MSN Completion and The MSN-NP Degree. Shortly after thi s there is Admission to UT Tyler MSN, MSN or MBA, MSN or NP Programs. There is also a Policy for Non-Degree Seeking Students Procedure for Course Equivalency Determination. Last phase comes with the inclusion of MSN Progression, thesis and Thesis or Professional Scholarship. (Roberts, 2005)The current workforce analysis of Nurses in Alabama as on 2005 was around 48,000 and at a national level this witness sums up to 1200000. In the same context it could be mentioned that the average salary of a regular nurse in Alabama is about $2500-$3000 which is practically at par with the national index of salary rate of nurses in the US. However, working conditions vary from state to state and Alabama ranks quite high in this watch over positioned only second to California. Alabama provides a 7 hour per day shift with any one day in the week as off day for a nurse with free lodging available. (Anand, 2006)Training and education requirement for a nurse in Alabama include the MSN schedule and is regarded as the most essential aspect for getting a license. For sustaining this license or continuing education requirements are essential and there is always room for updated activeness and a 3 week semester is available for the registered nurses per year.This semester in the on an average ranges around 2.5 weeks nationwide. However it should be noted that licenses are issued by the Alabama chest for Care for nurses residing in Alabama whereas the central board of nursing is in based in New York under the name National Board of Registered Nurses. The licenses issued by NBRS-NY are valid all over the US. (Anand, 2006)In the context of Alabama the supply and demand curve of nurses is extremely favorable. At present there is a shortage of about 15% nurses in Alabama alone in respect to the license issued and active workforce. However, in the national context this data is more than marginal as the difference between demand and supply of registered nurses is only 3.43%. (Anand, 2 006)It should be remembered that the profession of nursing is a noble profession and to excel in it requires hard works with compassion and a favorable state would help this profession to flourish. The state of Alabama could be regarded as an ideal venue for nursing with its high demands. (Podolski, 2006)ReferencesAnand, M (2006) US HealthCare Forum Current Data & Analysis IBL & Alliance Ltd. 452-461Mukherjee, Sachin D (2004) Thought Strategies IBL & Alliance Ltd. 327Podolski, V (2006) Public sensing of Perceptions An Approach Towards well being IBL & Alliance Ltd. 87Roberts, O M (2005) Outline of Social care National Book Trust 43Sen, S (2001) USA Nursing Data ABP Ltd. 98-101

Variable Voltage Regulator

1. INTRODUCTION 1. OVERVIEW In order to achieve several small scale and large scale objectives in various electronic circuits, it is juicyly necessity to regulate the electric potential supply, given to electronic circuits. This project, namely VARIABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR, aims at fulfilling such small goals, using the 3- closing electromotive force governor LM317. The circuit consists of an IC LM317 and a set of impedances and capacitors, in addition to the transformer and the rectifying element.The AC emf, from the mains supply is initially blackguardped down to the desired voltage, which is wherefore rectified to be applied to the input store of the voltage regulator IC. As mentioned earlier the voltage regulator then takes care of supplying a constant voltage at the issue terminal. This voltage can be alter according to our requirements with the help of a variable resistor. This project designed has the ability to vary the voltage values from 1. 5V to 25V at an output menstruum of 1A. 2. APPLICATIONS The LM317 is versatile in its applications, including uses in programmable output statute and local on-card regulationsTypical other applications of the voltage regulator circuits include the following 5V Logic governor with Electronic Shutdown Slow Turn-On 15V Regulator High Stability 10V Regulator 0 to 30V Regulator Power Follower High Gain Amplifier 4A displacement Regulator with Overload Protection Precision Current Limiter Tracking Preregulator AC potential difference Regulator Digitally Selected Outputs Besides replacing fixed regulators, the LM317 is reusable in a wide variety of other applications.Since the regulator is floating and sees only the input-to-output differential voltage, supplies of several hundred volts can be regulated as long as the maximum input to output differential is not exceeded, i. e. , avoid short-circuiting the output. 1. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 1. BLOCK DIAGRAM LIST OF COMPONENTS IC LM317 D1-D4 1N4007 rectifying valve C1 2200F, 50V electrolytic capacitor C2 0. 1F, ceramic disc capacitor C3 10F, 40V electrolytic capacitor C4 22F, 35V electrolytic capacitor R1 47? , 1/4W resistor R2 10? , 1/2W resistor R3, R4 100? , 1/2W resistor VR1 1k? 1/2W wire wound potentiometer LEDs green, red 1. IC LM317 An Adjustable boundar Voltage Regulator pic LM317 is the standard part number for an integrated three-terminal adjustable foldar voltage regulator. LM317 is a positive voltage regulator supporting input voltage of 3V to 40V and output voltage between 1. 25V and 37V. A typical current rating is 1. 5A although several lower and higher current models are available. Variable output voltage is achieved by using a potentiometer or a variable voltage from another source to apply a control condition voltage to the control terminal.LM317 also has a built-in current limiter to prevent the output current from exceeding the rated current, and LM317 will automatically reduce its output curren t if an heat up condition occurs under load. LM317 is manufactured by many companies, including National Semiconductor, Fairchild Semiconductor, and STMicroelectronics. Although LM317 is an adjustable regulator, it is sometimes preferred for high-precision fixed voltage applications instead of the similar LM78xx devices because the LM317 is designed with victor output tolerances.For a fixed voltage application, the control pin will typically be biased with a fixed resistor network, a Zener rectifying valve network, or a fixed control voltage from another source. Manufacturer datasheets provide standard configurations for achieving various design applications, including the use of a pass junction transistor to achieve regulated output currents in excess of what the LM317 alone can provide. LM317 is available in a wide range of package forms for different applications including heatsink upgrade and surface-mount applications.Common form factors for high-current applications inclu de TO-220 with part number LM317T and TO-3 with part number LM317K. LM317 is capable of dissipating a large amount of heat at medium to high current loads and the use of a heatsink is recommended to maximize the lifespan and power-handling capability. LM337 is the negative voltage complement to LM317 and the specifications and function are essentially identical, except that the regulator mustiness receive a control voltage and act on an input voltage that are below the ground reference point instead of higher up itThese voltage regulators are exceptionally easy to use and require only two external resistors to set the output voltage. Further, both line and load regulation is better than standard fixed regulators. Also, the LM117 is packaged in standard transistor packages which are easily mounted and handled. The general circuit of a voltage regulator circuit containing LM317 is as given below pic Normally, no capacitors are needed unless the device is situated more than 6 inches from the input filter capacitors in which gaucherie an input bypass is needed.An optional output capacitor can be added to improve transient response. The adjustment terminal can be bypassed to achieve truly high ripple rejection ratios which are difficult to achieve with standard 3-terminal regulators. Here we have designed the circuit according to the required specifications of the output current and output range of voltage. Before analyzing the design and calculation part, let us look into the general operation of the circuit for the variable voltage regulator. 2.OPERATION 1 is the mains step down transformer (12-0-12), with a current rating of 500mA. It supplies a voltage of 12V or 24V to the regulator circuit. C1 is the main filter capacitor. The unregulated DC voltage across C1 at no load forms the input to LM317 regulator. The LM317 is a complete regulator. It has internal feedback, regulating voltage and current passing elements. In operation an accurate reference voltage, typically 1. 25V is developed between the output and adjust terminals.This reference voltage, when impressed across the resistor R1, sets up a current I1 that equals Vref/R1 in R1. I1 together with the quiescent current Iadj from the adjust terminal of the IC flows in the output set resistor R2, so that the voltage across R2 is V2 = (Vref/R1 + Iadj)*R2 The output voltage Vo at the output terminal of the IC is hence Vo=Vref + V2, given by Vo = Vref + (Vref/R1 + Iadj)*R2 Or Vo = Vref(1+R2/R1) + Iadj. R2 he LM317 is designed to minimize Iadj, this being an error term and also to make Iadj independent of line and load changes.To achieve this quiescent current is returned to the output terminal, thus establishing a minimum load current requirement. If the Iadj is neglected then the output voltage is then given by Vo = Vref(1+R2/R1) In our project, this output voltage is available from a range of 1. 5V to 25V. This is attained with the help of the variable resistor, whose value can be va ried to change the Iadj value and consequently get the desired voltage value at the output 3. DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS 1. SPECIFICATIONS- Output voltage adj from 1. 25V to 25V Output current 26. 5mA Line regulation

Is It Important to Question the Ideas and Decisions of People in Positions of Authority? Essay

Is it important to question the ideas and decisions of people in positions of power? I believe it is. While rules argon meant to be followed, there should always be a reason behind that rule. There are instances where the rule is deemed by indian lodge as unfair or bias. There are other instances where the rules can be detrimental to the people following them.Lets take a trip back to the 60s. Remember Rosa Parks? She was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. Remember Ruby Bridges? She, a black child, was tormented because she attened an unsophisticated school for white students only. Now these may seem like trivial things, except if these two, along with many other Civil Rights Activists never challenged authority, segregation in the United States may have continued up to this day.When thinking about rules that can be detrimental to society, I cant help but remember two books that represent this idea perfectly Battle Royale, and The Hunger Games. In both books, The governmen t forces civilians to fight to the death in an arena, and only adept contestant may live. In both books, more than one contestant broke the rules and survived the game. Had they followed the rules and played the game, one can only imagine the animal(prenominal) and mental injuries they would have endured. Disobeying authority and rebelling actually saved their lives, along with many other potentially endangered lives as well.I do believe that rules are meant to be followed, but I also believe that there should always be a reason behind them. I always question authority if I think that its decisions and intentions arent beneficial to me whether those decisions or intentions are trivial or extreme.

`A dolls house` act 3 analysis

A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen is about the oppression of wo workforce and how they were asked by men to live in a Dolls House. We see throughout the play how Torvald acts like a dictator with Nora and talks to her condescendingly.However, in Act III things start changing. Torvalds tactile property becomes harsher, he actually starts treating her like a possession and dresses her up like a doll in all the things he finds most desirable.After the party he tries to have her in order to satisfy his desire but when Nora reveals Krogstads condition Torvald tries to use his desire as a point of consolation. When Nora talks to him and tell him her protest secret. He unravels. He abuses her verbally and claims she has shamed him. He completely rejects her position.Yet, as soon as the truth is revealed through the letter the maid brings, he forgives her. By then Nora has had enough and decides to leave him unable to live anymore as a possession with no will and a person with no someone iden tity. She said of her position with her dad and then Torvald as her husband, He played with me just as I used to play with my dolls. And when I came to live with you I was simply transferred from Papas hands to yours.It is this Act that summarizes Noras conflicts throughout the play where she struggled to see herself as an independent woman but was confined by her instinct of duty to her husband and society. She felt she was freed and her ties with Torvald severed when he refused to help her and honor her when faced with baseless accusation. It showed her that she had been sacrificing herself for a man who would never love her as she demand to be loved. He valued his possessions more than her and that was something she would not accept.She has disc all overed that as a woman she has been continuously asked to do her duty and has done so but she is in addition expected to remain a plaything for her husband and that she can no longer do. She has discovered that she values her sense of the self, her discovery of herself as an individual over her role as a wife, mother and daughter and she is no longer willing to sacrifice her life for people who cannot return the same emotions for her sake.ReferencesDolls House by Henrik Ibsen

Using Empirical Research Evidence, Explain the Effects

Using empirical research evidence, explain the effects of one neurotransmitter on human behavior. Neurotransmitters argon chemical messengers, which send signals and communicate information through neurons (nerve cells), cells, our brains and our bodies. Neurotransmitters are drop outd and travel through terminals in the brain until they reach certain receptors. Neurotransmitters and their functions are located and carried out in unalike sections of the brain. It uses neurotransmitters to make your body carry out certain functions, such as making your heart beat and your lungs breathe.Scientists are not sure of how many another(prenominal) neurotransmitters actually exist, merely they can be sorted into two main different types. These are called exitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Exitatory neurotransmitters stimulate different parts of the brain. Three wellknown types of exitatory neurotransmitters are dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine. Inhibitory neurotransmitters calm the brain and create balance. Three different types of inhibitory neurotransmitters are serotonin, gaba and dopamine.Although dopamine was already mentioned as an exitatory neurotransmitter, it is special because it is considered to be some(prenominal) exitatory and inhibitory. Dopamine affects the 5 different dopamine receptors dopamine 1 (D1), dopamine 2 (D2), dopamine 3 (D3), dopamine 4 (D4) and dopamine 5 (D5), and helps to curb parts of the brain that react to pleasure and reward. It helps the brain not solo to see rewards, but to motivate a person to obtain those rewards, or at least try to move towards them. It also helps to motivate humans to perform the actions again, to acquire the same rewards.This involves activities such as eating, sex, and other such activities that create a rush of adrenaline. Along with that, dopamine also helps the body to move and prepare emotional responses to certain objects or situations. A lack of the dopamine neurotr ansmitter can have a number of negative effects, one main illness being Parkinsons disease. Also, people that are low in or lacking in dopamine activity are more likely to have addictions or become chemical dependent. When dopamine is not produced correctly in the frontal lobe of the brain, attention, focus, remembrance and the ability to analyse can all be negatively effected.The dopamine neurotransmitter can also effect people aff adequately. Studies have shown that anxiety in social situations and a lack of dopamine 2 receptors can very often be colligate, also, people with bipolar disorder are given drugs known as anti-psychotics, which block dopamine, in an aim to reduce mania. A lead was carried out on May the 2nd and was published in the Journal of Neuroscience. The scientists that worked on the study included a team of Vanderbilt University scientists, medicine student Michael Treadway and professor of psychology, David Zald.The aim of the experiment, was to test whether ambitious and hard working go getters in the workplace, who were willing and able to work hard to obtain the reward they want, had a different level of dopamine release in the brain (or certain parts of the brain), than workers that tended to slack slay more and were less willing to work towards obtaining a reward. The team of scientists used a Positron emission tomography (or PET scan), which is a medical vision technique, used to produce 3D images of functions taking place in the brain, and other parts of the body.The scientists discovered that the ambitious workers, working towards a reward, had a larger release of the dopamine neurotransmitter in the parts of the brain that, studies have shown, are linked to motivation and obtaining reward. These parts of the brain are called the striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Not only did they find out this, but they also uncovered that less motivated people in the workplace had a high release of dopamine also, but in a com pletely different part of the brain. This dopamine release was happening in the anterior insula of the brain, which is the section that is linked to emotion and risk perception.Many different types of studies have proven that dopamine affects going after rewards, and motivation in the brain, but the speciality of this particular study is that it proves that dopamine is not only linked to rewards in hardworkers, but also can be linked to emotions and risk perception in less ambitious workers. This empirical research study all the way shows that dopamine has an affect on human behaviour by effecting the ambition, or lack of it, in the workplace when it comes to working towards reaching a goal and obtaining a certain reward.

The migration of people to cities

The migration of people to cities is one the whackinggest problems facing the worlds cities today. Discuss the main causes. What solutions could be used to tackle the situation? Nowadays, the issue of urbanization is more(prenominal) frequently discussed than ever before due to its increasing impacts on lives and on the environment. Most people give not argue the fact that living in a city is easier overall than living in the rural. Despite that fact, many generations have lived in rural settings by choice over the decades. The pursuit ofa discontinue standard of living, education and higher health care are the main causes of migration to urban areas.Many people hope that if they move to live in a big city they will find higher-paying Jobs. However, mass migration to cities causes greater competition for Jobs and this lead to underemployment. Others want their children to get better education and often high-ranked schools or universities with well-trained teachers are in the cit y. Moreover, the expansion of cities often leads to environmental problems, such as pollution. To solve the migration problems there are a number of solutions. One of the possible answers is to improve the quality of aliveness in the countryside. Government could invest in building medical facilities and schools.Media can also be used to promote a healthy and stress unaffixed life in the countryside. Another way to attract people to stay in rural areas is creating more employment opportunities. By doing this, many people will choose to stay in the countryside. To conclude, because of urbanization the raw beauty of rural life is fading into oblivion. Convincing people to live in the countryside might expect as a difficult task, but if for once we escape the dullness of the city and discover the stunning places, hidden in the forgotten parts of our country we might Just realize what we are missing. 285 words 30 minutes

Effects of the Media on Young Women

Nicole Ruben TRF 235 January 31, 2012 LIRWA The Effects of the Media on Young Women Women seen in the media atomic number 18 typically gorgeous, thin, and flawless(prenominal). perceive these characteristics promotes an unrealistic body type that many girls strive to let. What this does is lower the vanity of these girls, ultimately leading to frothing eating habits and disorders. A study done by Harvard researcher Anne Becker demonstrated this by examining the effects of television system in Fiji. Television was introduced in Fiji in 1995. At this time, just three percent of girls there account they vomited to control their weight.However, three years later, fifteen percent of girls reported they acquired the same behavior. The culture in Fiji loosely promotes eating healthy and looking robust, so this is considered a dramatic change in behavior for a culture that get alongs the opposite (Corydon, 1). An another(prenominal) factor consider when looking at eating disorders c aused by the media is that xx years ago, models weight eight percent less than the average woman. Today, they weigh twenty-three percent less (Media-Aw atomic number 18ness, 1). Sexualization is another effect the media has on new(a) girls.An article by BBC News defines sexualization as occurring when a individuals value comes only from her or his sexual appeal or behavior, to the exclusion of other characteristics, and when a person is portrayed purely as a sex object. Television shows such as gossiper Girl and other shows similar to Gossip Girl substantially consist of sexual satiate. A biggish percentage of the viewers of these shows are materialisation girls who look up to the characters they see on television. When they see their image models dressing and acting the way they do, they want to do the same.One study found that adolescents who have seen a visual sense of media with sexual content were more than twice as likely as others to have had sex by the time they we re sixteen ( date). Furthermore, many songs heard on the radio appeal to young girls, but the lyrics are not suitable for them. Katy Perrys hit song Last Friday Night acts as a quintessential example of this. Some of the lyrics say, Last Friday night / We went streaking in the park / Skinny dipping in the dark / consequently had a menage-a-trois The outfits Katy Perry wears in her melody videos, at her concerts, and on her posters also contribute to the sexualization of young girls.In her atomic number 20 Girls music video she wore a provocative bikini-like outfit with cans attached to her breasts that were shooting out whipped cream. As a utilization model to many young girls, Katy Perry has the power to be very influential in their lives however, it seems as though she is going about it the wrong way. The media can also influence many girls to start using drugs and alcohol at a young age. Similar to sexualization, drugs and alcohol are presented in many television shows and o ther forms of media.Young girls want to fit in with what they see in the media, so when they see their popular characters on their favorite TV shows doing drugs they are likely to want to do the same. They are not doing it because they are interested in trying drugs and alcohol they are merely doing it because they think it is the cool thing to do. Many magazines also have stories about celebrities going to rehab, getting belligerently drunk, etc. Although it is likely that an adolescent may stay away(p) from a certain drug if they see their role model has had a negative experience with it, they are likely to do the drug if they dont see any disadvantages to it.For example, a video of Miley Cyrus doing salvia went viral in 2010. It showed her hysterical laughing from the drug and hallucinating from it, making her think that her boyfriend was in front of her, even though he wasnt. The video essentially made the drug look appealing. organism a Disney star, it can be debated that Mi ley Cyrus is even more of a role model to young girls than Katy Perry. If her young fans see her doing this, they are likely to want to follow. Commercials also influence drug use in adolescents. For example, the use of beer commercials is to make beer look appealing.Jay leno was once asked why he does commercials for Doritos corn chips but refuses to do beer commercials. You dont see dead teenagers on the highway because of corn chips was his answer (Singer, 415). In todays society, the media affects young girls in many negative ways. It causes eating disorders, sexualization, and the use of drugs and alcohol. Seeing flawless women all over the media lowers the self-esteem of the average girl, which can ultimately lead to disorders such as depression, bulimia, and anorexia. Television shows and songs with provocative material encourage adolescents to behave more suggestively.This includes dressing and acting provocatively and taking part in the use of drugs and alcohol. thither is something that should be done about these detrimental effects of the media, possibly teaching children about understanding how the media works or decreasing the accessibility of explicit content to children. Is it really possible to prevent adolescents from being unresolved to such content as much as they are? Will the effects of such content get worse in the future? These are questions to think about as the media not only affects our society today, but it will affect societies and generations to come.Works Cited BBC NEWS Health Sexualisation harms Young Girls. BBC News Home. BBC News, 20 Feb. 2007. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. . Beauty and Body Image in the Media. Media Awareness Network Reseau education Medias. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. . Ireland, Corydon. Fijian Girls afford to Western Dysmorphia Harvard Gazette. Home Harvard Public Affairs & Communications. 19 Mar. 2009. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. . Luscombe, Belinda. The Truth About Teen Girls. TIME Magazine 11 Sept. 2008. Print. Max, Mar tin. Mckee, Bonnie. Perry, Katy. (2011). Last Friday Night. Recorded by Katy Perry. On Last Friday Night (T. G. I. F. ). United States Capitol Records. Pozniak, Alexa. Part 1 Media Portrayal of Drugs. ABC News. ABC News Network, 23 Feb. 2002. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. . Singer, Dorothy G. Singer, Jerome L. (2001). Handbook of Children in the Media. Thousand Oaks, California Sage Publications, Inc.

Heroism

We need heroes in our society, or in any society, because they give us someone to computer simulation ourselves after. The average human being, however pushed around or caged in they may be is averse to brave the dangers inherent to resolving the problems that plague them. Crime may overwhelm a city, but we do non care until it affects us personally and make up then we only usually worry nearly whatever facet of it has impact on our own life. We are inherently selfish creatures, and are feature of a vile need to protect our own before, or even at the cost of, others. ? However, in the image of a superhero we see someone who is willing to sacrifice themselves in order to improve our lot. Whether this is a fictional superhero like Batman or Spiderman, or a real life hero such as a soldier who throws himself on a grenade to save those around him does not matter. What matters alternatively is that we are assumption parting prototypes that exemplify what we know we should moral ly do, but what we often cannot make ourselves do. We see somebody stupefy the initiative and right the wrongs, despite the dangers to themselves. A society without superheroes is a society without hope, where the human condition inflicts despair and misery alone. Without somebody, real or fiction, to model our behavior after, we will only continue to behave as selfishly as we can. Every religion is based on this idol, from Christianity to Buddhism to Islam we follow the example of someone who sacrificed him or herself for a greater cause, and in doing so we improve the lives of those around us. These religious heroes serve just as important a purpose of any other role model they give us somebody to pattern ourselves after. We have all had a role model at some point in our lives, and many of us still do. They are what we cling to when we face hardship or a sticky decision. They are the quite a little we think of in dark times, and consider What would Jesus, or Abe Lincoln, or J ackie Robinson, or even Superman do? And the answer is the idealized moral choice, one that we see exemplified in other. It is that action, which we see another take, which gives us hope that in that respect can be a choice other than the selfish one, that there is a reason to take the hard path. The mass media influences our society to daylight in what many should date up and follow their steps to.They create role models for the youth to base their decisions in life so they follow their role models actions. Research on violent television and films, video games, and medicament sees unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both spry and long-term contexts says Anderson, (Anderson, The Influence of Media Violence on the Youth). This generation lacks leaders that positively impact the youth into doing guileless and productive actions. The media should expose role models that demonstration good qualities to influence the individuals into following them.Instead they show bad role models for people to follow or for the youth to sort up to. Quality a redbrick day leader should possess, Inspiring words, actions and emotions that propel others to go beyond their preconceived limits. The motives of a successful leader should be genuine and not just for show. Good examples of genuine motives to do good deeds are saints, who conform to in the classification of respectable role models to follow. If people were exposed to the saints actions by the media today, they faculty be influenced positively than what the mass media shows presently.Whether if it is what we should wear, act, eat, or believe in, the media today dubs a certain normal to it. Rayuso explains, teenage people are in a stage of life where they want to be accepted by their peers, they want to be loved and be successful. The media creates the ideal image of a beautiful men and women and tells you what the characteristics of a successful person are you can see it in movies and TV (Mass Media Influence on Society). youthfulness people look up to celebrities and their identity is reflected on them. Sometimes its a good topic and other times it is a bad thing.Celebrities need to function as a role model to their audience because the society today is greatly influenced by them. The media is everywhere and it is difficult for society to ignore. The ideal modern day role model should possess different positive qualities. They should possess characteristics of being model for children by displaying a general care and concern for everyone, openness to communication, and executing good examples of how to deal with certain situations. An admirable leader should inspire someone to mimic their good deeds for the community and bring out the lift out in them.I think the ideal leader for the 21st century will be one who creates an surroundings that en heroisms everyone to stretch his or her capabilities. A role model provides inspiration and motivation to pursue accomplishments. One should fineness other how him or her would want to be treated. Treating others with respect no matter where they came from and taking full function for their actions are other qualities. Youve got to have the highest ethical standards to be an effective role model, and have to lead, and create an tune of ethical behavior in the society.Having good morals is the main key in being an ideal role model for those looking up to you. Being a role model goes hand in hand with leadership skills and standing up for your beliefs and taking action. Making poor choices on whom you want to admire and be like, many of the youth go through a rough path because of their role models choices in life that they choose to follow too. Good successful leaders are mandatory to transfer people into choosing decent choices while also respecting them. For example, Successful leaders improved the performance of people by not being forceful or intimid ating.Good leaders bring out the best in people through trust, respect, and inspiration. The youth should consider looking up to someone who has heroic like qualities instead of what the mass media is feeding to them. Forbes defines heroes, Heroes are people who perform extraordinary deeds or provide selfless examples. They go beyond what is expected. We live in an age that does not want to acknowledge the hero. Rather, we want to look for peoples flaws. The media foc development on the celebrities poor choices and display it for the youth to see, making it common for them to be exposed to bad choices.The motives of the leader are important, and should be for pure intentions such as helping others, and not for the public recognition. Many people just desire to look good and do not really work hard to gain the rightful attention they deserve. he media today display celebrities that dont have the best ethics or choices for the society to absorb from. The mass media tend to show celeb rities partying, drinking, and using drugs, which if anything, influence the youth into following the celebs choices instead of encouraging them to do productive activities.They also do not hold up certain qualities needed to make an ideal role model, leader, or hero different saints. John water explains, The young do not really have models, except perhaps from the television. They do not even know themselves. It is true because courage is an essential quality in heroism. Heroes have courage to be true to themselves. They are celebrated for their courage, nobility, or exploits. Our choice of hero / role model reveal what we value, and what is important to us therefore we should base our choices on good examples seen in righteous models who have a vision and show their beliefs through their

Modern Gadgets Have Made Us Slaves

misadventure moderateness of Debris Flows, Slope Failures and Landslides 727 Development of Earthquake- and Landslide-Proof prevalent Buildings and their Transformation into Shelters in Case of Emergency Emmerich Simoncsics Institute for Architecture and Design, capital of Austria University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria (emailprotected ac. at) Abstract Due to the occurrences of the Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake 2004, last October the Vienna University of Technology already delivered proposals jobing the reconstruction and future contingency mitigation for the protection of the lot in the Niigata prefecture.Humane accommodation for the victims should be profferd in unrestricted buildings, which are earthquake- and landslide-resistant, as well. Last year a selection of earthquake and landslide resistant public buildings endure been designed in interdisciplinary cooperation among students of architecture and experts for structural trains, dealing with proj ects of tourist facilities, schools, sports and health centers, buildings for research, congress and administration centers with battle array areas.The buildings have a regular cultivate in normal persona, but each of them give the axe be converted within 6 (six) hours into a shelter for 2,000 victims in case of emergency, providing humanee accommodation and board for several(prenominal) months. Integrated are emergency hospitals, storages, water reservoir and energy supply. So-called familystands (3 ? 3m), which stinker be well assembled, can accommodate six persons each (in three levels, equivalent in a train for long trip). The ascertains show that emergency accommodations should be made possible in all kinds of public buildings in hazard-prone countries like Japan.Regarding the Reconstruction Activities, according to the future demands, the economical development of the Niigata prefecture shall be enhanced by the above proposed buildings. This year, therefore, binding the topic of Strategy for accident Mitigation, additional public facilities with various functions will be true and concerning the theme of Risk Management the organization of immediate medical aid (emergency hospitals) and the procedure of quick ccommodation (transformation of the buildings and deportee of victims) will be treated. It is intended to show the research results in the exemplar of a poster exhibition. Keywords Niigata, earthquake, landslide, reconstruction, disaster mitigation, Introduction The engineer has the task to do research in the ? eld of natural sciences and to ? nd the virtue about the violating forces of Nature. He has to detect the danger for human beings and call the societys attention to the risks.Moreover, the engineer (including the architect) is supposed to propose practice oriented solutions in shape to rivet the hazards and the politicians together with the engineers are answerable to realize the relevant countermeasures in order to protect the population from catastrophes. However, close cooperation with the public is needed, as well. The lawfulness is that no engineer can stop earthquake and they will occur similarly in the future. in that locationfore, necessary preparations have to be done. Expectancy of life may add-on in the future. After forty long time it might be even 90 years.The last repeat of an earthquake in Niigata was after 40 years (19642004). It is not impossible, that an earthquake may happen after 40 years again. Considering the life expectancy, tribe of even 50 years old today, living in Niigata, may once more experience an earthquake. Based on this awareness, middle-aged and younger engineers and politicians are responsible for the protection of human life and berth. In the framework of this symposium we exchange our experiences and thoughts about possible improvements of the expose situation.How does future look like? Future is a very important concept in this connection. We cannot create improvements for the future with our present attitude toward our present situation. With our present attitude no change into a more safe life in future can be achieved. We cannot in? uence the laws of Nature violating forces will always threaten our population. In order to protect our lives against hazards, we have to detect the truth and change our mind accordingly. In order to be able to work e? iently and in a practice-oriented way, in 2002 (after a severe disaster in Austria ca apply by ? ood) the VUT (Vienna University of Technology) Cooperation subject matter for pp. 727732 c 2006 by Universal Academy Press, Inc. / Tokyo, Japan 728 Disaster Mitigation and Security in Buildings was founded. It is a computer program and network to foster ensureings of several institutes, in order to exchange and coordinate their research activities and form groups to comprehend their research topics in interdisciplinary cooperation.The most important events are the yearly arranged public exh ibitions, in which the research results are presented. Basically it consists of two sections the component part for Fundamental look and the Section for Objectoriented Research. Whereas the Section of Fundamental Research elaborates the basic theories by representation of the data and facts about natural hazards (case studies), the Section for Object-oriented Research aims at the practical application of this knowledge to buildings, in order to mitigate or even preserve structural damages and the loss of human life.The proposals are developed by means of Research impelled Education Programs, involving interested and talented students in the design procedure of buildings for concretely de? ned hazard-prone areas, under the constant oversight of consulting engineers and experts. The Vienna University of Technology has been conducting research activities on the topic of Disaster Mitigation already since the year 2000 in cooperation with the University of Tokyo and other related i nstitutes and universities.The method of interdisciplinary cooperation became the basis for the research principles of the above described VUT (Vienna University of Technology) Cooperation Center for Disaster Mitigation and Security in Buildings. As most of the damages caused by natural hazards concern buildings and consequently the people within them, the main focus is placed on the development of hazard-proof construction techniques for public and residential buildings, as well. Method The subject of investigation is ? exibility in public buildings. There are di? erent types of buildings with di? erent functions. There are buildings with several functions (e. . o? ce building mixed with hotel and exhibition hall) and others with one main function (school, exhibition hall, theater, sports facilities, congress center, museum, library, cultural center, hotel, hospital, health center, etc. ). These buildings are very di? erent in their operation, as well. A comparative method helps to look into the degree of ?exibility in each type of building, which shows the e? ciency of these buildings as a shelter for the accommodation of victims in case of emergency. The ? rst target is to develop some public building types and investigate the possibilities of ? exibility.Within a building there are spaces, which 1) fully can be evacuated to give place for another(prenominal) function (e. g. seminary entourage, exhibition hall, gym, stadium, etc. ) provided there are su? cient storages available, 2) can be rearranged, e. g. a) hotel rooms, by additional mystify beds in order to increase the capacity of accommodation or b) a banquet hall, in order to enlarge the capacity of a restaurant also for victims, or c) a foyer / lobby to provide space for organization and discussions between the victims and the crisis managers or d) a wellness center / swimming pool, to use them for sanitary purposes, etc.Function of crisis management 1) Public buildings usually lack some special facilities for the case of emergency (e. g. ?rst aid, smaller measure medical center or clinic, su? cient storage area for food, drinking water, clothes and family stands, water reservoir also for cleaning, sanitary and catering facilities, energy supply, etc. ) These facilities are supposed to be planned in addition, in order to achieve a humane environment for the victims. 2) In those buildings, which serve as a shelter, emigration of persons (victims) and necessary objects (blankets, food, etc. temporarily increases. Heliports near to these buildings are required because the get to roads might be destroyed after a disaster. Family stands 1) are equipments, which in normal case are mainly used in exhibition buildings / halls or international fairs. However, nowadays, many other public buildings (schools, universities, museums, o? ce buildings, hotels, surgical incision stores, etc. ) also o? er exhibition areas and use stands to display the relevant exhibits. 729 2) By means of a very simple additional device these stands can be equipped with attachable beds (max. ix in each family stand of 3 ? 3 m). The goal of these stands is to achieve privacy for each family and to increase the capacity of a ? oor for accommodation purposes. In order to reach an economical arrangement of the family stands, the newly designed buildings have to take the size and layout of the family stands into consideration. Projects, Examples Some architectural projects carried out in the last years shall confront the methods and aims of our interdisciplinary research cooperation. Sports hotel and asshole? ght Arena, Design R.Malinov This project considers a local attraction the cook? ght for the design of a hotel building in combination with sports- and training-facilities. Additionally, the structure provides a medical center and can be transformed into a shelter for up to 2000 victims within 6 hours. Theatre in landslide-prone part in Niigata, Design I. Mach This project take s the risks of a landslide-prone area into consideration. The structure is ? xed in the ? rm ground by anchor-foundations and the access way protected by a wall. High-rise building in Tokyo, Design A.Gr? nanger u In cooperation with Dr. M. Hochrainer (Assistant, Institute for Structural Engineering and Technology) the application of a so called Tuned Liquid Column damper was tested on a high-rise building. By means of an experiment on the shaking table the functionality of the proposed construction was proved. The facility is very economical and can be installed even on the top of vivacious buildings. Tuned unstable column dampers (TLCDs) are passive energy absorbing substructures to control vibrations of buildings when e. g. exposed to earthquake or wind loads.They can be used to prevent structural Fig. 1. Earthquake-proof Sports Hotel and Bull? ght Arena, model and section Fig. 2. Sports Hotel and Bull? ght Arena ? oor plans equipment with family stands in case of emergency 7 30 Fig. 3. Landslide-proof Theatre and Exhibition Hall for Niigata Fig. 4. Increase of the capacity of hotel rooms in case of emergency by bunk beds and family stands Fig. 5. Earthquake-proof high rise building model+shaking-table-experiment with tuned liquid column damper 731 Fig. 6. Detail TLCD Tuned Liquid Column Damper lements from damage (earthquake load) or increase human comfort due to reduced ? oor accelerations ( inviolable wind load). The actual implementation of a TLCD is uncomplicated, since it only consists of a soused piping system, partially ?lled with water, allowing the water column to move inside the piping system. A movement of the TLCD caparison induces a motion of the water column, and vibrational energy is transferred to the TLCD in a desired way. The energy breakup of a TLCD is caused by viscous and turbulent ? uid damping, which can be regulated by the insertion of hydraulic resistances (ori? e plates) to obtain a required damping characteristics. In addi tion to the plane TLCD already established in literature, an entirely new arrangement, called the torsional TLCD (TTLCD) has been proposed. Plane TLCDs are very promising in mitigating ? exural vibrations whereas TTLCDs are used to reduce torsional or coupled ? exural torsional vibrations. Although the construction of a tuned liquid column damper is quite di? erent from the well cognise tuned mass damper (TMD), a TMD-TLCD analogy has been found, which allows to use design guidelines of the extensively researched TMD.The conventional TLCD is a rigorously passive energy absorbing device, and its application reduces the steady state dynamic response of vibrating structures substantially. However, especially during the strong motion phase of earthquakes several response peaks remain, which can be eliminated by the application of an actively controlled air-spring apparatus integrated into the TLCD. This extended hybrid TLCD concept combined with an energy saving control design maintai n the salient features of TLCDs cheap and easy implementation into civil engineering structures, little maintenance costs and a performance comparable to TMD.Considerable vibration reduction has been shown in extended numerical simulations for both, wind and ground excitation. actual buildings 1) In 2004 around 100. 000 people needed temporary accommodation. As newly built buildings will not cover the required space completely, it will be necessary to investigate the possibilities in existing buildings (gyms, exhibition areas, sports stadiums, etc. ) as well, whether appropriate areas can be converted into a shelter in case of emergency. 2) In this connection the students help is absolutely necessary.In the framework of the general education program, students could carry out analyses on the above theme, asking for the cooperation of the managers of some existing buildings. Future development 1) A part of the public buildings may serve in the most attractive mountainous areas of the Niigata Prefecture to enhance the interest of tourists and last but not least of the young generation to ? nd a job in the ? eld of tourism and renovate facilities. This could become also a countermeasure against the aging society in the mountainous areas.Also for this purpose the investigation of the geological quality of possible sites is necessary. 2) In this connection the feasibility of this idea has to be investigated. However, simultaneously a veridical project has to be developed and announced among the population (questionnaire). 732 Conclusions 1) According to the experiences of the Chuetsu Earthquake the value of the lost property (including private houses) should be compared with the possible sum of future investments. The horrible amount of the lost value should gift us conscious that investments are worth making before a disaster ccurs again. 2) In the framework of this symposium we exchange our experiences and thoughts about possible improvements. Therefore, I su ggest ? nishing this symposium with a RESOLUTION on immediate measures to be proposed to the government. 3) In order to achieve an e? cient international cooperation, based on the experiences of the VUT (Vienna University of Technology) Cooperation Center for Disaster Mitigation and Security in Buildings the principles should be extended also in other universities.It is not enough to meet every 4th year, the research and realization activities must be done uninterruptedly.References Catalogues of the exhibitions 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Vienna University of Technology (2001), Disaster Mitigation Catalogue Exhibition 2001 Vienna University of Technology (2002), Architecture and Disaster Vienna University of Technology (2003), Innovations for Disaster Mitigation and Security in Buildings Vienna University of Technology (2004), Disaster Prevention and Security in Buildings Vienna University of Technology (2005), The Niigata Project

Agricultural Practices and Animal Husbandry

We to a fault eat leaves and stem of spinach and sof devilod of fruits. Thus, human beings depend on kit and caboodles and animals for food. 32. 2 AGRICULTURE AND hoidenish PRACTICES The branch of science which deals with methods of food payoff is k straightawayn as agriculture. Besides studying the new methods of food production, in this branch of science we also study about how new and reform varieties of craws rump be posen, how animals and birds bid cows, hens, and so forth put up be re bed well and made to give more than milk or break away quality eggs? whole these new methods which scientists develop come under agricultural practices. We need vegetables, fruits, grains, pulses, and so forth as food. For our clothes, we need the type of plants or animals. We get tout ensemble these foods and fibres by farming or agriculture. ACTIVITY 32. 1 Make a list of things which you expenditure e rattling day. Categorise those items which you get directly or indirectly from agriculture. Does your list compute like the one given below? For easy reading, agricultural products take away been divided into the following groups as given in the table 32.1. Table 32. 1 Various categories of food items Examples Sorghum (Jowar), Ragi (finger millet) and Bajra (pearl millet) Arhar (Tur), cruddy gram (Urad), Green gram (Moong), and Bengal gram (Channa) Beans Peas, Soyabean, Cowpea, Lentil Oilseeds Mustard, Groundnut, Soyabean, Sunflower, Linseed, Castor and Cotton seed Root drifts Carrot, Turnip, concoction potato Tuber crops Potato, Tapioca, Ginger and Turmeric Sugar crops Sugar merchant shipe and Beet root Plantation crops Coffee, Tea, pencil eraser and Coconut Category Millets Pulses 32.3 HORTICULTURE Did you observe that something is missing from the list of food items which we eat every day. What is it that we have not listed here in table 32. 1? Yes, we have neither included vegetables nor fruits in this list. Vegetables and fruits atomic number 18 inborn items of our diet and their baffleth and production are studied under a branch of agriculture called horticulture. Horticulture is derived from two latin words hortus which means garden, and culture which means cultivation. 288 Agricultural Practices and Animal HusbandryThe branch of agriculture that deals with takeing and production of vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants and management of orchards is called horticulture. Horticulturists research to find new ways by which transgress varieties of fruits and vegetables can be grown in large quantities. 32. 4 STEPS IN RAISING IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE To increase our food production we can sow thoroughly quality seeds and improve the methods of sowing. We can influence the soil more rich and even use better techniques for harvesting the crops.Some of the agricultural practices which scientists have developed and which our farmers have started are explained here. 1. Preparation of soil This is an important practice which helps to enrich the soil and make it more prolific and aerated. It involves addition of mire followed by turning, loosening and levelling of the soil, using agricultural implements like spade, ferment or mechanical farm implements. 2. Seed treatment Seeds can easily be attacked by micro-organisms. The crops that grow out of diseased seeds testament also be unhealthy.So farmers treat these seeds by dipping them in certain chemicals like cerosan or agrosan. These chemicals do not allow the microorganisms to attack the seeds and damage them. Such chemicals are called Fungicides. Once the seeds are treated, they can be sown. 3. Preparing the seed furnish and bid of the seedlings In certain crop plants like paddy line of merchandise and some of the vegetables, seeds are not sown directly in the main field. First these seeds are sown in a nursery bed. Once they grow to a certain age they are transferred and plant in the main field. These small plants are called seedlings.Whe n the farmers prepare a nursery bed they take care of the following The soil of the bed should be soft and loose so that the tender root of the seedlings can grow well. This can be achieved by outwearging or ploughing the field well. The seed bed or where the seedlings are planted should be even so that when we water the plants, the water distributes itself uniformly all over the field. in all widows weeds or unwanted plants in the field must be removed. Do you know why? It is because these weeds also take water and nutrients from the soil and as a subject the desired plants cannot get enough of the nutrients.The seedlings also need to be protected from diseases and pests. This is done by crop-dusting chemicals like Parathion, Sevin, Dimecron and Rogor on the seedlings. 4. Transplanting The process of removing the seedlings from the nursery bed and planting them in the main field is called transplanting. When we transplant, we must select those seedlings which have 4 to 5 hea lthy Agricultural Practices and Animal Husbandry 289 leaves. These are sowed at proper distance from each other. The main field must be ploughed and manured in advance transplanting.Generally sieve and vegetables like tomato and brinjal are sown by transplanting. Transplanting of seedlings is a very important practice. This enables us to select good and healthy seedlings and get a better crop. Besides, when we transplant seedlings, their roots are able to go deep into the soil and get more nutrients. When seedlings get good food, they grow into healthy plants and give a better yield. 5. Adding fertilizers rambles need nutrients like phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen etc. for their harvesting and crack up these nutrients from the soil.It is very important to add fertilizers to the soil. They provide nutrients to the soil and help to obtain a better crop yield. Depending on the type of soil and the crop to be grown, we use different fertilizers. The way we use a fertilizer also de pends upon what type of fertilizer is being added to the soil. A fertilizer which contains nitrogen (nitrogenous fertilizer) is in general given in two or three doses. Other fertilizers are phosphatic and complex fertilizers. Some fertilisers are added to the soil before transplanting. You must have heard about the most commonly used fertilizer NPK.The letter N stands for nitrogen, P for phosphate and K for potassium. While fertilizers are manufactured from chemicals in factories, manure is made from organic substances and contains nutrients in small quantities. Some of the commonly used manure are Farmyard manure, as the name suggests is a mixture of decomposed oxen dung (excreta) and urine, left over fodder (cattle feed) and litter (bedding provided to cattle in the farm). Compost is manure made from vegetable and animal refuse collected from domestic waste, straw, weeds etc. , dumped in a deep pit to decompose.Vermicompost is compost broken down by earthworms. same(p) fertilize rs manures too add nutrients to soil. 6. Use of plant growth regulators Plant growth regulators are certain chemicals which find the growth of plants. All plants have growth regulators which determine how tall the plant would be, how big its fruit will be, etc. We can now add some plant growth regulators like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid etc. to get a better yield of crops. You will learn more about these plant growth regulators in higher classes.7. Irrigation Irrigation is necessary for proper development of plants. Roots fail to develop and penetrate in the dry soil. The crop is irrigated according to its requirement and soil characteristics. Irrigation is essential during the seedling, flowering and grain filling stages of the crop. rice crop needs standing water. 290 Agricultural Practices and Animal Husbandry 8. Harvesting Harvesting machines have now replaced the back breaking job of hand harvesting with the sickle and scythe. Harvesting machines cut or d ig out the plant or its separate as required.The machines gather the plant parts, separate desired parts and eliminate parts not needed. Certain harvesting machines may even load the crop for transport. However, the higher up mentioned functions of harvesting machines depend on kind of crop, plant parts to be harvested, crop use, stage of maturity, etc. 32. 5 SOME OTHER DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES 32. 5. 1 Rotation of crops If you stay in a village you must have seen that the wheat crop is planted during the month of November and harvested in March and April. The rice crop is planted in June-July and harvested in October and November.The domain that lies fallow in between these two cereal crops, can be used by the farmers for sowing a leguminous crop at this time. A leguminous crop does not take as long as wheat or rice to grow. So by the time the farmer has to plant the cereal crops (rice, wheat etc. ) the pulse is ready to be harvested. Leguminous crops include pea, beans, grams and pulses. They harbour nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodules of their roots (Fig. 32. 1). These bacteria metamorphose free nitrogen from atmosphere into usable form. Thus, after the leguminous crop is harvested, the soil is left fertile for other crops.The process of maturement a different crop preferably a leguminous crop in between raising of two similar crops is called rotation of crops. Fig. 32. 1 Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root nodules Crop rotation has a lot of benefits, (i) the land gets utilized, (ii) the pulse crop uses up different nutrients from the soil but it fixes the nitrogen from the air and makes the soil richer in nitrogen and so more fertile. This way the next cereal crop gives a better yield. If we do not practice crop rotation by growing different crops on a piece of land, butcontinue to grow the same crop, class after stratum, they will keep on using the same nutrients from the soil till all the nutrients in the soil get used up. The newly grown plants get poor nourishment from the soil and grow up to be weak and of bad quality. When plants are weak the insects can easily attack them and bring down them. Thus, crop rotation restores the fertility of Agricultural Practices and Animal Husbandry 291 the soil, it gives better yield, prevents crop from diseases and pests and reduces the dependence on chemical fertilizers.Multiple cropping Growing two to four crops one after the other in a year in the same field is called multiple cropping. Multiple cropping is possible, when we make use of crop varieties that grow for a short period of time. However, to get best results there must be a properly managed field. In fact, multiple cropping is the best solution for a country with food problem because same piece of land is used to grow different kinds of crops. ACTIVITY 32. 2 Here is something you can do. Visit a near agricultural farm or vegetable garden.Observe and note down the agricultural practices being used there. All the a bove mentioned practices are meant to ensure that plants have a healthy growth and yield a good crop. Along with these developments in our country we have also brought under cultivation more and more land. The change magnitude cultivation of agricultural crops is in order to meet requirements of a growing population. 32. 5. 3 Improving the conformation of seeds You must have often heard or read advertisements which encourage farmers to buy new and better varieties of seeds.Some of these new varieties are resistant to diseases and give a very good crop. Some of the improved high-yielding crop varieties which our scientists have developed are given in table 32. 2. Table 32. 2 Improved high-yielding varieties of crops Crop Rice Wheat Maize Ladys finger (Bhindi) Brinjal Variety I R-8, Jaya, Padma, Bala Sarbati sonara, Sonalika, Kalyan sona, Hira-moti, RR-21 and UP 301 Ganga 101, Rankit and Deccan hybrid Pusa savani Pusa purple, Pusa kranti and Muktabeshi Do you know what name is given to scientists who develop such new varieties of seeds?They are called plant breeders. Plant breeders have not only raised better quality seeds but also better quality fruits. Mango has been named the king of fruits and in our country we grow many varieties of mangoes. Some of them are Alphonse, Langra, Chausa, Saroli, Dussehri, Himsagar, Safeda, Sinduri, Mulgoba, Amini. 32. 6 PROTECTION OF CROPS IN THE FIELD As crops grow in the field, they have to be protected such that they produce a healthy yield. The weeds growing along with crops have to be removed and growing crops have to be saved from the attack of pests especially insects pests.

Economy of India Essay

India is a fastest developing country in the world. India, with its diversified culture, civilization, internal resources, technology and huge skilled human resources, is also a fastest growing economy in the world. But at the same time on that point are several problems plaquing our Modern India which is affecting the emergence and development.These problems can be broadly classified asSocio-economic ProblemsOther major Problems1. Socio-economic ProblemsThe major socio-economic problem world face by India is pauperism. Even after six decades of independence, the country is still fighting against this accessible evil of beggary.It is estimated that nearly one third of Indian state of 1.21 Billion, i.e., nearly 426 millions of people are livelihood below poverty line. Many go without a meal a day.Though presidential terms are struggle hard to eradicate poverty, the increasing population and mismanagement of government schemes, have fueled the growth of poverty. The populat ion is growing at an alarming rate.In last ten years the population has grown by 0.20 billion. The positive effects of development are nullified by increase in population. Hence at that place is an urgent need to curtail population growth, by adopting strict family planning programmes by government.Apart from this there is also a need to increase rural and urban employment, by better management of Government Schemes like Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGREGS), Jawaharlal Nehru Rojagar Yojana (JNRY), etc. By strict death penalty of these schemes poverty can be reduced to a substantial extent.The second most burning socio-economic problem of India is Unemployment. close to 9.4% of Indian population is unemployed. i.e., around 120 million people are either unemployed or underemployed. This large number of unemployment is of great concern and governments are devising new and effective schemes to curb this unemployment. once more by strictly implementing MGREGS and JNRY Schemes, it is possible to reduce the rate of unemployment. Since poverty is directly linked to unemployment, the schemes and confinement by government to eradicate unemployment, also helps in eradicating poverty.2. The Other Major ProblemsThe other major problem set about by India is lack of Quality education. Despite governments initiative in schemes like Serva Shikhsa Abhiyana( Education For All), legion(predicate) children in rural India, still do not have access to good schools and quality education. move on the rural children have to work to contri scarcee to their family income, thereby denying time for education. Despite the governments effort on compulsory education and child labour ban, many children are still not equal to(p) to go to schools. Added to this lack of quality teachers is also a cause for decline in quality education. Poverty eradication and improvements of rural schools should be a priority area of concern for governments to address this problem.The next classic social problem being faced by India is Corruption Corruption is widespread in India. It ranks 72 among top most corrupt countries in the world. In India corruption takes the form of payoffs, evasion of taxes, misappropriation of funds, defalcation etc.A study found that more than 50% had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a reality office.The master(prenominal) economic consequence of corruption, are loss to exchequer, an unhealthy environment for investment and increase in cost of government services. Apart from this Corruption also leads to an unethical society. This increases the already existing gap surrounded by poor and wealthy. This may lead to unrest and destruction of modern societies. This social evil needs to be curbed so as to bring back moral values in the society as rise as to fill the widening gap between the haveones and havenots.The introduction of Lokpal Bill in the Parliament, its strict implementatio n and a moral fight against corruption may help in eradicating corruption in unexclusive life.The other major problem is terrorism and naxalism this is also the offshoot of social inequality. Many youths in India, imputable to poverty and lack of education, have trodden the path of either terrorism or Naxalism. Naxalism though, having its root in Marxism, its main cause lies in unequal distribution of wealth. The root cause of terrorism in India is attributable to partially to Logistic fundamentalism and partly due to regionalism. If we curb these two basic issues, by removing social inequality and apparitional tolerance, and equal development in all the states, these menaces can be easily controlled.The above problems being faced by Modern India can not be solved just by Government Policies and Schemes, but these can be definitely addressed by peoples wholehearted participation and willingness to move over ourselves to Social values, equality and education.

Philosophy of Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy of attainment - Essay ExampleKarl Popper on the other hand was the totalitarian and unadventurous proponent of positivism. Karl and Popper were the contemporaries and criticized distributively others work. The comparison on the philosophies of Kuhn and Popper following attributes are taken into consideration 1. Differentiation in the midst of skill and non science Popper opined that science is a method of trial and error. It is a method of assumption and refusal. experience is always accompanied by the group of scholars who check and criticize each other. The foundation of science is its rationality. The receptiveness to criticism should be converted into the willingness of scientists to falsify their theory. Kuhn on the other hand differentiated science and non science with paradigms. Science takes place where there is a major paradigm and non science appears due to miss of dominant paradigm. Thus Kuhn talks about infantile science without a dominant paradigm and a normal science or matured science with a dominant paradigm. He took paradigm as a basic accomplishment which includes both theory and a genuinely good application to the results of observations and experiments. It is very important to keep in mind that though Kuhn differentiated between science and non science through paradigms his differentiation was never based on objectivity. Karl Popper was against the confinement of science within faith and doctrine. Science follows the methods reliably and these methods are objective. For Popper criticism is a necessary aspect for the scientific method of objectivity. The foundation of scientific rationality lies on the modernist project of reason, doubt, and criticism. To build this rationality science must be open to criticism and accommodate critical attitude. scientific knowledge according to him is snowballing. It is because of the positive approach of the scientists to go through falsification and they should be open to the critici sm. According to Kuhn preconception and resistance seem to be the rule rather than the exception. He potently believes that dogma is an essential part in mature science as the scientific paradigm is an open-ended achievement. It is necessary for the scientists to be assertive in their beliefs in paradigm. Then only they can further result to the puzzle solving task. 2. Criticism, Dogmatism and Faith Criticism is requisite to science according to Popper whereas dogma is mandatory in mature science. Popper believes that faith in science is important one and one should stick on to the scientific methods. Kuhn believes that faith should be in scientific paradigm. Popper opines strongly that objectivity in science lies in scientific method. This opinion made Popper to use the concept of provisional knowledge. Scientific methods are enough to rate the merits of scientific theories because, as mentioned above objectivity lies in scientific method. This scientific method is paradigmatic for Kuhn. objectiveness is only feasible within the paradigm. Kuhn says that this scientific method is not able to evaluate the merits of scientific theories in an objective manner because scientific paradigms occur through extra-scientific factors. Scientific Revolution v/s Scientific progress Popper thinks that scientific progress happens through falsification. After going through falsification, the theory either stands true, or it is taken for granted as a provisional knowl

Read the attach and do writing part and i will do a video Essay

Read the set apart and do writing part and i will do a characterisation - Essay physical exertionThe second is the use of inciting incident that leads the audience to the midpoint. However, the midpoint moldiness ensure that characters reaffirm their roles in the video. finalization of the record book entails climax and resolutions (Long 202).A shot list refers to a log of shots that are included in the video. Shot lists are vital in giving the video non only efficiency provided also direction. Shot lists will be instrumental in considering shooting footage that might fail to adapt to the story order. However, shot lists provide a clear guideline or format of a script (Long 203).Copyright information restricts any form of unauthorized duplication or use of the video. The copyright jurisprudence controls the use of videos in the following three ways. First, it is circulation where any individual who lawfully acquires a copy of the video potbelly distribute it by reselling. Th e second section of the copyright law is clips where the use of the video can only be for criticisms, news reporting or research purposes. However, the use in education must be for non-profit purposes. The last section is in terms of classroom use where the Copyright law does not term screening of the video as a form of infringing or violation of the copyright

Heather MacDonald's Hispanic Family Values Essay

Heather MacDonalds Hispanic Family Values - Essay Example mixer workers and government policies are at a great quandary on how to deal with such a problem and various solutions and proposals had been put forward but it seems to no avail. This paper is a short preaching of the so-called Hispanic problem and the Latinization of America. Discussion Heather MacDonalds rather lengthy article delves on the increment Hispanic class of unwed m other(a)s living in America today. The article Hispanic Family Values? questions the assumptions intrinsic in the Spanish-American society in which being a single parent has been considered as culturally acceptable but this has serious implications for American society as a whole because the Spanish-descent population of America is the fastest-growing atom and this has a profound impact on American society today and in the foreseeable future. To serve in her arguments, MacDonald relied greatly on the appeal of logos (logical based on knowledge) r ather than on the other two appeals in an argument, which are the ethos (ethical) and pathos (emotional). Along this line, she cited a lot of facts and figures derived from statistical studies. The structure of the analyse is being expository by using strong and clear claims about the serious implications of a hulky population sub-segment that is unwed, reliant on the affable welfare services and finds nothing objectionable to having unwed mothers, a great deal very young. There is strong evidence for her claims and it is therefore hard to argue against these claims. A large instalment of her essay was devoted to citing incontrovertible evidence using statistics and a host of anecdotes and vignettes regarding actual lives of its study subjects. any person who had read this article would come out fairly convinced of her acme of view regarding the social crisis facing Hispanic society in America today based on warrants that are basically valid. A lot of supposedly Hispanic fam ily values had instead worked against this immigrant section of the population like having a tight-knit family conducive to raising a kid without a father. A case in point is the citation regarding how fast the Spanish-American population is growing compared to other ethnic groups in America. A high redeem rate (female fertility) that is coupled with an accepting and tolerant culture towards having illegitimate children had been a great contributory element to the main social problem. The antecedent cited these alarming statistics to show the extent of the problem The rate of childbirth for Mexican teenagers, who come as from by far the largest and fastest-growing immigrant population, greatly outstrips all other group. The Mexican teen fecundity is 93 births per every 1,000 girls, compared with 27 births for every 1,000 white girls, 17 births for every 1,000 Asian girls, and 65 births for every 1,000 black girls. To put these numbers into international perspective, Japans teen birthrate is 3.9, Italys is 6.9, and Frances is 10. Even though the outsize U.S. teen birthrate is dropping, it continues to inflict unnecessary costs on the country. . . and although the author maybe did not want to sound alarmist, the dimensions of the problem boggles the mind. Many of Spanish grandmothers are single and neer wed, so their daughters never got married