Monday, December 23, 2019

Noise Pollution And Its Effect On The Environment Essay

Have you ever been trying to sleep on a long airplane flight but you can t fall asleep because of the noise from airplane or have you ever found it hard to hold a conversation with someone next to a busy street? If you’ve ever experienced any of these situations or anything similar, then you have just experienced first-hand noise pollution, while this may not seem like a big deal but noise pollution is becoming an increasing problem in cities and especially in urban areas. The textbook definition of noise pollution is any sound that is commonly considered to cause annoying, distracting or harmful effects on the people around some common examples of this is the noise in industrial factories or the noise from an airplane taking off. You might be thinking that aside from being an annoyance that noise pollution presents no serious problem to people and the environment. Many people also feel that even if you try to remove noise pollution, you can’t do anything about it becau se noise is everywhere around you from your workplace to your home and everywhere in between. So many people think that it’s not worth trying to prevent in the first place if there are no serious problems that can come about as a result of noise pollution. However, recent research has shown that noise pollution is not only a health hazard and then it reduces the quality of life, but it was also found that noise pollution negatively impacts the environment. I believe that the real question on everyone s mindsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Noise And Air Pollution On The Environment2009 Words   |  9 Pagesimpact on the people and businesses in the surrounding area, such as road congestion. Environmental factors look at the impact that the new build will have on the natural environment this includes looking at the impact to trees and other vegetation, wildlife and habitats. 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Noise Pollution The noise pollution is also a major health hazard in Bangladesh. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 60 decibel (DB) sound can make a man deaf temporarily and 100 DB sound can cause complete deafness. According to the Department of Environment (DOE), the perfect sound condition for Bangladesh is 45 dB for the daytime and 35 dB for the night in peaceful areas and 50 dB for the daytime and 40 dB for the night in residential areas. The main sources of noise pollutionRead MoreHong Kong’s Environmental Problems and Solutions1223 Words   |  5 Pagesquality. However, Hong Kong is now surviving serious environmental problems. Poor air quality, noise problem and heavy traffic loads are the three important problems of Hong Kong. The members of Hong Kong should try their best to tackle these problems. Problem of air quality in Hong Kong is serious so we need to try our best to solve it. Three are two main reasons that causing the serious air pollution problem in Hong Kong. One of them is the increasing number of vehicles. Another is the huge amountRead MoreEssay Types of Pollution942 Words   |  4 Pageswrite what weve seen of the state of the environment today in this wide world, have spread diseases and many children died because of environmental pollution. So we wanted to discuss this issue and ask the solutions that we see appropriate. The Definition of pollution in different ways, such as: that the pollution is to put the material in places not appropriate or that pollute the environment (intentional or unintentional) with human excrement. 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Saturday, December 14, 2019

Tddc17 †Lab 2 Search Free Essays

TDDC17 - ­? Lab 3 Part 2 Q5 P (Meltdown) = 0,02578 P(Meltdown | Ica weather) = 0. 03472 b)   Suppose that both warning sensors indicate failure. What is the risk of a meltdown in that case? Compare this result with the risk of a melt- ­? down when there is an actual pump failure and water leak. We will write a custom essay sample on Tddc17 – Lab 2 Search or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the difference? The answers must be expressed as conditional probabilities of the observed variables, P(Meltdown|†¦ ). P(Meltdown | PumpFailureWarning, WaterLeakWarning) = 0,14535 P (Meltdown | PumpFailure, WaterLeak) = 0,2 c)   The conditional robabilities for the stochastic variables are often estimated by repeated experiments or observations. Why is it sometimes very difficult to get accurate numbers for these? What conditional probabilites in the model of the plant do you think are difficult or impossible to estimate? a) What is the risk of melt- ­? down in the power plant during a day if no observations have been made? What if there is icy weather? It is hard to fully understand all possible factors that can effect or trigger an event and how they interact with each other. Observations are always a description of the past and is not always accurate in forecasting the future. E. g. Icy weather is not a thing you can measure and span over a wide range of weather conditions including combinations of precipitation, wind and temperature. d)   Assume that the â€Å"IcyWeather† variable is changed to a more accurate â€Å"Temperature† variable instead (don’t change your model). What are the different alternatives for the domain of this variable? What will happen with the robability distribution of P(WaterLeak | Temperature) in each alternative? The domain decreases in size of possible states as for example precipitation and wind is no longer a part of the estimations. The temperature will be represented as an absolute number or intervals, instead of just true or false. Resulting in a lot more defining of the probabilities of the child nodes with aspect to each value/interval of temperature. Q6 a) What does a probability table in a Bayes ian network represent? The probability table shows the probability for all states of the node given the states of the parent nodes. b)   What is a joint probability distribution? Using the chain rule on the structure of the Bayesian network to rewrite the joint distribution as a product of P(child|parent) expressions, calculate manually the particular entry in the joint distribution of P(Meltdown=F, PumpFailureWarning=F, PumpFailure=F, WaterLeakWaring=F, WaterLeak=F, IcyWeather=F). Is this a common state for the nuclear plant to be in? Kedjeregeln ger foljanade: P(alla ar falska) = P(ICYWEATHER) * P(PUMPFAILURE) * P(PW | PUMPFAILURE) * P(MELTDOWN| PUMPFAILURE, WL) * P(WL | ICYWEATHER) * P(WATERLEAKW | WL) = 0,95 * 0,9 * 0,95 * 1 * 0,9 * 0,95 = 0,69 Ja, detta ar ett vanligt tillstand. c)   What is the probability of a meltdown if you know that there is both a water leak and a pump failure? Would knowing the state of any other variable matter? Explain your reasoning! P(Meltdown | PumpFailure, WaterLeak ) = 0,8. No other variables matter. When all the parents values are observed they alone determine the child value. ) Calculate manually the probability of a meltdown when you happen to know that PumpFailureWarning=F, WaterLeak=F, WaterLeakWarning=F and IcyWeather=F but you are not really sure about a pump failure. P(Meltdown = T | PUMPFAILURE osaker, resten falska )= P(ICYWEATHER) * P(WL | ICYWEATHER) * P(WATERLEAKW | WATERLEAK)* [P(PUMPFAILURE=T) * P(PW | PUMPFAILURE=T) * P(MELTDOWN=T | PUMPFAILURE=T,WL) + P(PUMPFAILURE=F) * P(PW | PUMPFAILUR E=F) * P(MELTDOWN=T | PUMPFAILURE=F,WL)] = 0,95 * 0,9 * 0,95 * (0,1 * 0,1 * 0,16 + 0,9 * 0,95 * 0,01) = 0,008 (1) P(MELTDOWN=F | PUMPFAILURE osaker, resten falska)=P(ICYWEATHER) * P(WL | ICYWEATHER) * P(WATERLEAKW | WL)* [P(PUMPFAILURE=T) * P(PW | PUMPFAILURE=T) * P(MELTDOWN=F | PUMPFAILURE=T,WL) @+ P(PUMPFAILURE=F) * P(PW | PUMPFAILURE=F) * P(MELTDOWN=F | PUMPFAILURE=F,WL)] = 0,95 * 0,9 * 0,95 * (0,1 * 0,1 * 0,84 + 0,9 * 0,95 * 0,99) =0,694 (2) (1) och (2) =; alfa = 1 / (0,008 + 0,69) = 1,42 0,008 * 1,42 = 0,012 0,694 * 1,42 = 0,988 Part 3 During the lunch break, the owner tries to show off for his employees by demonstrating the many features of his car stereo. To everyone’s disappointment, it doesn’t work. How did the owner’s chances of urviving the day change after this observation? Without knowing whether the radio is working or not, the probability of him surviving is 0,99001. If the radio is not working the probability is 0,98116. How   does the bicycle change the owner’s chances of survival? With the bicycle the probability of surviving is 0. 99505. Small inc rease. It   is possible to model any function in propositional logic with Bayesian Networks. What does this fact say about the complexity of exact inference in Bayesian Networks? What alternatives are there to exact inference? Yes but it might be complex and you might sometimes have to add new nodes. For example if you want to model an OR-relationship you have to add a new node with truthtable probabilities that match. An alternative to exat inference is probabilistic indifference. Things might not always be true or false with a predefined probability. With probabilistic inference yuou can reuse a full joint distribution as the â€Å"knowledge base† Part 4 Changes in graph Mr. H-S sleeping ( T = 0. 3, F = 0. 7) Mr HS reacts in a competent way: WaterleakWarn. Pumpfailurewarning Mr HS sleeping T T T T F F F F T T F F T T F F T F T F T F T F T 0. 0 0. 8 0. 0 0. 7 0. 0 0. 7 0. 0 0. 0 P(Survives | Meltdown, Mr HS reacts) incresing 9% (0. 9) The   owner had an idea that instead of employing a safety person, to replace the pump with a better one. Is it possible, in your model, to compensate for the lack of Mr H. S. ‘s expertise with a better pump? Yes, by increasing the probability of the pump not failing with 0. 05. The chance of survival increases to 0. 99713 Mr   H. S. fell asleep on one of the plant’s couches. When he wakes up he hears someone scream: â€Å"There is one or more warning signals beeping in your control room! â€Å". Mr H. S. realizes that he does not have time to fix the error before it is to late (we can assume that he wasn’t in the control room at ll). What is the chance of survival for Mr H. S. if he has a car with the same properties as the owner? (notice that this question involves a disjunction which can not be answered by querying the network as is) Clarification:Maybe something could be added to or modified in the network. By adding a new node called warning, which represents the OR-relationship of WaterLeakWarning and PumpFailureWarning, i. e. Warning is true if WaterLeakWarning is true or if PumpFailureWarning is true or if They are both true and is false if they are both false. P(survives) = 0. 98897 if Warning is observed true. What   unrealistic assumptions o you make when creating a Bayesian Netwo rk model of a person? That a persons actions are predictable and that he never gains more experience as time passes, which would effect the probabilities of his actions. Describe how you would model a more dynamic world where for example the â€Å"IcyWeather† is more likely to be true the next day if it was true the day before. You only have to consider a limited sequence of days. By adding nodes representing the weather of the previous days. E. g. one node representing the day before, one bubble representing the day before that and so on†¦ Tommy Oldeback, tomol475 Emma Ljungberg, emmlj959 How to cite Tddc17 – Lab 2 Search, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Assurance of Greenhouse Gas Statement

Questions: The senior audit partner at Milimani Chartered Accountants, Stephanie Snook, is worried. As there was an agreement at the Climate Change Conference in Paris last year, if we dont start offering services that can provide assurance on greenhouse gas statements soon, well lose clients. She has asked you to investigate what may be involved in providing assurance services on greenhouse (GHG) statements. Required Conduct an internet search for one (1) Australian company whose website includes a GHG emissions disclosure and provide a brief report for Sarah Snook that: (a) identifies the voluntary and regulatory components of the companys disclosure. (b) summarises the structure and contents of the companys disclosure (including the categories of disclosure). (c) indicates which two (2) audit assertions would be of greatest concern to Milimani and explains why. (d) suggests audit procedures to collect sufficient and appropriate audit evidence relating to those two audit assertions. Answers: In this given problem Stephanie Snook, Senior Audit partner of Milimani Chartered Accountants, is worried about the assurance service to be provided on green house gas (GHG) emission to Australian companies as per the agreement at conference on climate change held in Paris last year otherwise they will have to lose clients (Peters Romi, 2014). Albright Wilson ltd is an Australian company, which provides disclosure on GHG emission. By analyzing the disclosure given by the company on GHG emission a report is being provided to Stephanie Snook. Part (a) Voluntary disclosure is one of the most important aspects an Australia company must follow while corporate reporting. It is the duty of the company to disclose all the environmental, social and economic impact due to various operations of the company. Reporting should not contain only information for the benefits of the stakeholders, it must also report on the various environmental aspects (Benà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Amar McIlkenny, 2015). There are many voluntary and regulatory components that a company is required to disclose relating to GHG emission. Voluntary disclosure identifies various factors in relation to GHG release and various institutional governing bodies analyze these. The aim of these disclosures is to make constructive changes and develop the information provided to investors in respect to corporate carbon emission reporting. Several incentives has been taken to measure organizational activities on climate changes (Liesen et. al., 2015). Part (b) Albright Wilson ltd is a company, which falls under the category of Palm oil processor and Traders. The structure and content of Albright Wilson ltd in relation of GHG emission includes the following: Operational profile includes main activities relating to supply chain management such as refining of CPO. Production of bio-fuel and dealer, progress in documentation and operation, System for computing the usage and volume of palm oil related products handled during the year, fractions and derivatives relating to palm oil, quantity of palm oil products handled during the year, certified tonnage during the year are also the main activities under this profile. Time bound plan, which includes certification of supply chain that was planned and achieved. Expected commitment towards certification of RSPO and achievement of milestone and targets set, legal requirement and corrective actions taken, sources of supplies are also the within the requirement of time bound plan (Borghei et. al., 2016). Emission of GHG, which includes reporting of GHG emission from daily operation of the company, which is not done by the company yet. Company offers explanation that their suppliers are very limited and they need some time to educate them on the negative effects of GHG emission. Because of that reason, the company will report on this matter from the next year by making a plan with the suppliers. Part (c) Two audit assertions which are going to be the greatest concern of Milimani prescribed by ISO 14064, international standard for CHG Emission are as follows: Inventories Part 1 of ISO 14064 contains eight sections discussing issues relating to inventory within the organizations. There are many subsections under this sections which contains general principals relating to consistency, relevance, accuracy, completeness and transparency. These guidelines assist in interpreting those standards and serves as a guidance for issues that is not within the boundary set by those standards. Specifically it covers three aspects for developing a GHG inventory within the organization (Eleftheriadis Anagnostopoulou, 2015). It includes setting boundaries for inventory, quantifying and reporting of GHG. Verification - Part 3 of ISO 14064 has developed a process for GHG verification such as organizational inventory report of GHG. It was developed with the help of best practices obtained from various techniques relating to financial accounting and also environmental auditing. It contains guidelines for conducting verification of GHG which included ethical conduct, due diligence, professional care, independence and true and fair representation. It also includes fundamentals for verification which are objectives, scope, level of assurance and criteria. Part (d) Audit procedures to collect appropriate and sufficient audit evidence relating to: Inventory The auditors have to collect proper evidence to make sure whether both the boundaries, operational and organizational are included in the GHG inventory. Organizational boundary refers to the facilities which are documented for conducting inventory and must be included in the inventory. Auditor must collect evidence regarding two approaches of organizational boundary which are equity share and control. Verification Auditors must collect evidence relating to GHG data evaluation, information system review of GHG and comparing the statement against the criteria set for verification. They must also collect evidences relating to proper internal control for verifying the emission of GHG. References Benà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Amar, W., McIlkenny, P. (2015). Board effectiveness and the voluntary disclosure of climate change information.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(8), 704-719. Borghei, Z., Borghei, Z., Leung, P., Leung, P., Guthrie, J., Guthrie, J. (2016). The nature of voluntary greenhouse gas disclosurean explanation of the changing rationale: Australian evidence.Meditari Accountancy Research,24(1), 111-133. Brown, T., Majors, T. M., Peecher, M. E. (2014). The Influence of Evaluator Expertise, a Judgment Rule, and Critical Audit Matters on Assessments of Auditor Legal Liability.Available at SSRN 2483221. Brown-Liburd, H., Mason, S., Shelton, S. (2014).The Effect of Reliance on Third-Party Specialists under Varying Levels of Internal Control Effectiveness on the Audit of Fair Value Measurements. Working paper, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Burton, F. G., Wilks, T. J., Zimbelman, M. F. (2013). How Auditor Legal Liability Influences the Detection and Frequency of Fraudulent Financial Reporting.Current Issues in Auditing,7(2), P9-P15. Chi, H. Y., Weng, T. C. (2014). Managerial legal liability and Big 4 auditor choice.Journal of Business Research,67(9), 1857-1869. Clinton, S. B., Pinello, A. S., Skaife, H. A. (2014). The implications of ineffective internal control and SOX 404 reporting for financial analysts.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,33(4), 303-327. Eleftheriadis, I. M., Anagnostopoulou, E. G. (2015). Relationship between Corporate Climate Change Disclosures and Firm Factors.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(8), 780-789. Feng, M., Li, C., McVay, S. E., Skaife, H. (2014). Does ineffective internal control over financial reporting affect a firm's operations? Evidence from firms' inventory management.The Accounting Review,90(2), 529-557. Firth, M., Mo, P. L., Wong, R. M. (2012). Auditors Organizational Form, Legal Liability, and Reporting Conservatism: Evidence from China*.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(1), 57-93. He, K., Pan, X., Tian, G. (2015). Legal Liability, Government Intervention, and Auditor Behavior: Evidence from Structural Reform of Audit Firms in China.European Accounting Review, 1-35. Heymann, H. O., Swift Jr, E. J., Ritter, A. V. (2014).Sturdevant's art science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences. Jajodia, S., McGregor, G. W., List, W., Strous, L. A. (Eds.). (2013).Integrity and Internal Control in Information Systems: Volume 1: Increasing the confidence in information systems. Springer. Klompas, M., Diekema, D. J., Fishman, N. O., Yokoe, D. S. (2014). Ebola fever: reconciling planning with risk in US hospitals.Annals of internal medicine,161(10), 751-752. Li, W. (2014).Risk assessment of power systems: models, methods, and applications. John Wiley Sons. Liesen, A., Hoepner, A. G., Patten, D. M., Figge, F. (2015). Does stakeholder pressure influence corporate GHG emissions reporting? Empirical evidence from Europe.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,28(7), 1047-1074. Peters, G. F., Romi, A. M. (2014). Does the voluntary adoption of corporate governance mechanisms improve environmental risk disclosures? Evidence from greenhouse gas emission accounting.Journal of Business Ethics,125(4), 637-666. Sage, A. P. (2015).Risk modeling, assessment, and management. Y. Y. Haimes (Ed.). John Wiley Sons. Skaife, H. A., Veenman, D., Wangerin, D. (2013). Internal control over financial reporting and managerial rent extraction: Evidence from the profitability of insider trading.Journal of Accounting and Economics,55(1), 91-110. Smith, K. (2013).Environmental hazards: assessing risk and reducing disaster. Routledge.